Bordetella pertusis
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Bordetella pertusis
Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillus of the genus Bordetella, and the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough. Unlike B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis is non-motile.
There does not appear to be a zoonotic reservoir for B. pertussis—humans are its only host
| Kingdom | Bacteria |
|---|---|
| Phylum | Proteobacteria |
| Class | Beta proteobacteria |
| Order | Burkholderiales |
| Family | Alcaligenaceae |
| Genus | Bordetella |
| Species | B. pertusis |
| Binomial | Bordetella pertusis |
[edit] Surface Characteristics
It consists of a characteristic lipopolysaccharide [LPS] on its outer surface. B. pertusis LPS is resolved electrophoretically into two bands, a slowly migrating band designated LOS A and a fast-migrating band designated LOS B. These two species differ in molecular weight as three N-acetyl amino sugars found on LOS A are not present on LOS B
[edit] Pathogenic Activity
The bacterium is spread by coughing and by nasal drops. The incubation period is 7-14 days. Pertussis (or Whooping Cough), is an infection of the respiratory system and characterized by a “whooping” sound when the person breathes in. Bordetella pertussis infects its host by colonizing lung epithelial cells. The bacterium contains a surface protein, filamentous hemagglutinin, which binds to sulfatides that are found on cilia of epithelial cells. Once anchored, the bacterium produces tracheal cytotoxin, which stops the cilia from beating. This prevents the cilia from clearing debris from the lungs, so the body responds by sending the host into a coughing fit. These coughs expel some bacteria into the air, which are free to infect other hosts.
Bordetella pertussis has the ability to inhibit the function of the host's immune system. Two toxins, known as the pertussis toxin (or PTx) and adenylate cyclase (CyaA), are responsible for this inhibition. CyaA converts ATP to cyclic AMP, and PTx inhibits an intracellular protein that regulates this process. The end result is that phagocytes convert too much ATP to cyclic AMP, which can cause disturbances in cellular signaling mechanisms, and prevent phagocytes from correctly responding to an infection.
The infection occurs most with children under the age of one when they are unimmunized or children with faded immunity, normally around the age 11 through 18. The signs and symptoms are similar to a common cold: runny nose, sneezing, mild cough, and low-grade fever. The patient becomes most contagious during the catarrhal stage of infection, normally 2 weeks after the coughing begins. It may become airborne when the person coughs, sneezes, or laughs. Pertussis vaccine is part of the DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis) immunization. The paroxysmal cough precedes a crowing inspiratory sound characteristic of pertussis. After a spell, the patient might make a “whooping” sound when breathing in, or vomit. Adults have milder symptoms, like prolonged coughing without the “whoop.” Infants less than 6 months may not have the typical whoop. A coughing spell may last a minute or more, producing cyanosis, apnoea and seizures. However, when not in a coughing fit, the patient does not experience trouble breathing. This is because Bordetella pertussis inhibits the immune response and therefore very little mucus is generated in the lungs. A prolonged cough may be irritating and sometimes a disabling cough may go undiagnosed in adults for many months.
Bordetella pertussis also produces a lymphocytosis-promoting factor, which causes a decrease in the entry of lymphocytes into lymph nodes. This can lead to a condition known as lymphocytosis, with a complete lymphocyte count over of 4000/μL in adults or over 8000/μL in children.
