Estradiol

From DrugPedia: A Wikipedia for Drug discovery

Estradiol

PUBCHEM (5757)

Generally refers to the 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries and the PLACENTA. It is also produced by the adipose tissue of men and postmenopausal women. The 17-alpha-isomer of estradiol binds weakly to estrogen receptors (RECEPTORS, ESTROGEN) and exhibits little estrogenic activity in estrogen-responsive tissues. Various isomers can be synthesized.

Therapeutic Indications

• Menopause
• Osteoporosis

KEGG Database(C00951,D00105) Pathway Androgen and estrogen metabolism Prostate cancer

NEXT BIO Database

Drug Type: Small Molecule; Approved; Investigational

Pharmacology: Estradiol, the principal intracellular human estrogen, is substantially more active than its metabolites, estrone and estriol, at the cellular level.

Mechanism of Action: Estradiol enters target cells freely (e.g., female organs, breasts, hypothalamus, pituitary) and interacts with a target cell receptor. When the estrogen receptor has bound its ligand it can enter the nucleus of the target cell, and regulate gene transcription which leads to formation of messenger RNA. The mRNA interacts with ribosomes to produce specific proteins that express the effect of estradiol upon the target cell. Estrogens increase the hepatic synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), thyroid-binding globulin (TBG), and other serum proteins and suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary. Indication: For the treatment of urogenital symptoms associated with post-menopausal atrophy of the vagina (such as dryness, burning, pruritus and dyspareunia) and/or the lower urinary tract (urinary urgency and dysuria).

Half Life: 36 hours

Lipinski’s “Rule of Five” Prediction for a Compound’s ABSORPTION OR PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES 4 GOOD 3 INDETERMINATE 2 INDETERMINATE 1 INDETERMINATE 0 POOR

Reference Article Ref1 Virtual and biomolecular screening converge on a selective agonist for GPR30

Cristian G Bologa1,7, Chetana M Revankar2,3,7, Susan M Young3, Bruce S Edwards3,4, Jeffrey B Arterburn5, Alexander S Kiselyov6, Matthew A Parker6, Sergey E Tkachenko6, Nikolay P Savchuck6, Larry A Sklar3,4, Tudor I Oprea1 & Eric R Prossnitz2,3

Estrogen is a hormone critical in the development, normal physiology and pathophysiology1 of numerous human tissues2. The effects of estrogen have traditionally been solely ascribed to estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and more recently ERbeta, members of the soluble, nuclear ligand–activated family of transcription factors3. We have recently shown that the seven-transmembrane G protein–coupled receptor GPR30 binds estrogen with high affinity and resides in the endoplasmic reticulum, where it activates multiple intracellular signaling pathways4. To differentiate between the functions of ERalpha or ERbeta and GPR30, we used a combination of virtual and biomolecular screening to isolate compounds that selectively bind to GPR30. Here we describe the identification of the first GPR30-specific agonist, G-1 (1), capable of activating GPR30 in a complex environment of classical and new estrogen receptors. The development of compounds specific to estrogen receptor family members provides the opportunity to increase our understanding of these receptors and their contribution to estrogen biology.

Ref2 Drugs Fut 2006, 31(1): 65 ISSN 0377-8282 Copyright 2006 Prous Science CCC: 0377-8282 DOI: 10.1358/dof.2006.031.01.959122

Structure-function similarity between vitamin D3 and estrogens: Scope for effective drug design for vitamin D3 and estrogen dependent disorders Ray, S., Gupta, A.

Vitamin D3 and estradiol are essential hormones that are formed in the body from the same source cholesterol. Whereas vitamin D3 is required mainly for calcium regulation and bone formation, estradiol regulates the reproductive cycle in women and maintains female characteristics. Both hormones are involved in various other functions in the body and act through their respective receptors which belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. This article discusses the major role of vitamin D3 and estradiol in disorders such as osteoporosis, cancer and calcium regulation. Their functional similarity may be due to their participation at different junctures of the same mechanistic pathway or else a crosstalk between the two hormones and their opposite receptors. This suggests the possibility of designing effective drugs that would interact with both vitamin D3 and estrogen receptors for the treatment of vitamin D3 and estrogen-dependent disorders.

MMDB ID: 14139

PDB ID: 1QKT

MMDB ID: 14140

PDB ID: 1QKU

Reference: Gangloff M, Ruff M, Eiler S, Duclaud S, Wurtz JM, Moras DCrystal structure of a mutant hERalpha ligand-binding domain reveals key structural features for the mechanism of partial agonismJ. Biol. Chem. v276, p.15059-15065 The crystal structure of a triple cysteine to serine mutant ERalpha ligand-binding domain (LBD), complexed with estradiol, shows that despite the presence of a tightly bound agonist ligand, the protein exhibits an antagonist-like conformation, similar to that observed in raloxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen-bound structures....

MMDB ID: 17807

PDB ID: 1JGL

Reference: Lamminmaki U, Kankare JACrystal structure of a recombinant anti-estradiol Fab fragment in complex with 17beta -estradiolJ. Biol. Chem. v276, p.36687-36694 The crystal structure of a Fab fragment of an anti-17beta-estradiol antibody 57-2 was determined in the absence and presence of the steroid ligand, 17beta-estradiol (E2), at 2.5 and 2.15-A resolutions, respectively. The antibody binds the steroid in a deep hydrophobic pocket formed at the interface between the variable domains....

MMDB ID: 18390

PDB ID: 1G50

Reference: Eiler S, Gangloff M, Duclaud S, Moras D, Ruff MOverexpression, purification, and crystal structure of native ER alpha LBDProtein Expr. Purif. v22, p.165-173 Several crystal structures of human estrogen receptor alpha ligand-binding domain (hERalpha LBD) complexed with agonist or antagonist molecules have previously been solved. The proteins had been modified in cysteine residues (carboxymethylation) or renatured in urea to circumvent aggregation and denaturation problems. In this work, high-level protein expression and purification together with crystallization screening procedure yielded high amounts of soluble protein without renaturation or modifications steps....

MMDB ID: 18412

PDB ID: 1JNN

Reference: Monnet C, Bettsworth F, Stura EA, Le Du MH, Menez R, Derrien L, Zinn-Justin S, Gilquin B, Sibai G, Battail-Poirot N, Jolivet M, Menez A, Arnaud M, Ducancel F, Charbonnier JBHighly specific anti-estradiol antibodies: structural characterisation and binding diversityJ. Mol. Biol. v315, p.699-712 Subtle modulation of antibody-binding properties by protein engineering often lies with an accurate structural and energetic description of how an antigen is recognised. Thus, with the intent to increase the affinity and add a bias in favour of natural estradiol compared with its chemically modified immunogen, we have determined the crystal structure of two anti-estradiol monoclonal antibodies, 10G6D6 and 17E12E5....

MMDB ID: 20338

PDB ID: 1GWR

Reference: Warnmark A, Treuter E, Gustafsson JA, Hubbard RE, Brzozowski AM, Pike ACInteraction of transcriptional intermediary factor 2 nuclear receptor box peptides with the coactivator binding site of estrogen receptor alphaJ. Biol. Chem. v277, p.21862-21868 The activation function 2/ligand-dependent interaction between nuclear receptors and their coregulators is mediated by a short consensus motif, the so-called nuclear receptor (NR) box. Nuclear receptors exhibit distinct preferences for such motifs depending both on the bound ligand and on the NR box sequence. To better understand the structural basis of motif recognition, we characterized the interaction between estrogen receptor alpha and the NR box regions of the p160 coactivator TIF2....

MMDB ID: 20905

PDB ID: 1LHU

Reference: Grishkovskaya I, Avvakumov GV, Hammond GL, Catalano MG, Muller YASteroid ligands bind human sex hormone-binding globulin in specific orientations and produce distinct changes in protein conformationJ. Biol. Chem. v277, p.32086-32093 The amino-terminal laminin G-like domain of human sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) contains a single high affinity steroid-binding site. Crystal structures of this domain in complex with several different steroid ligands have revealed that estradiol occupies the SHBG steroid-binding site in an opposite orientation when compared with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone or C19 androgen metabolites (5 alpha-androstan-3 beta,17 beta-diol and 5 alpha-androstan-3 beta,17 alpha-diol) or the synthetic progestin levonorgestrel....

MMDB ID: 25056 PDB ID: 1PCG Reference: Leduc AM, Trent JO, Wittliff JL, Bramlett KS, Briggs SL, Chirgadze NY, Wang Y, Burris TP, Spatola AFHelix-stabilized cyclic peptides as selective inhibitors of steroid receptor-coactivator interactionsProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. v100, p.11273-11278 The interaction between nuclear receptors and coactivators provides an arena for testing whether protein-protein interactions may be inhibited by small molecule drug candidates. We provide evidence that a short cyclic peptide, containing a copy of the LXXLL nuclear receptor box pentapeptide, binds tightly and selectively to estrogen receptor alpha....

MMDB ID: 35805

PDB ID: 2D06

Reference: Gamage NU, Tsvetanov S, Duggleby RG, McManus ME, Martin JLThe structure of human SULT1A1 crystallized with estradiol. An insight into active site plasticity and substrate inhibition with multi-ring substratesJ. Biol. Chem. v280, p.41482-41486 Human SULT1A1 belongs to the supergene family of sulfotransferases (SULTs) involved in the sulfonation of xeno- and endobiotics. The enzyme is also one of the SULTs responsible for metabolic activation of mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds and therefore is implicated in various cancer forms. Further, it is not well understood how substrate inhibition takes place with rigid fused multiring substrates such as 17beta-estradiol (E2) at high substrate concentrations when subcellular fractions or recombinant enzymes are used....

MMDB ID: 43057

PDB ID: 2J7X

Description Structure Of Estradiol-Bound Estrogen Receptor Beta Lbd In Complex With Lxxll Motif From Ncoa5. Deposition: Pike ACW, Brzozowski AM, Hubbard RE, Walton J, Bonn T, - A, Thorsell G, Engstrom O, Ljunggren J, Gustaffson J-A, Carlquist M, 2006/10/17

MMDB ID: 47760

PDB ID: 1A52

Reference: Tanenbaum DM, Wang Y, Williams SP, Sigler PBCrystallographic comparison of the estrogen and progesterone receptor's ligand binding domainsProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. v95, p.5998-6003 The 2.8-A crystal structure of the complex formed by estradiol and the human estrogen receptor-alpha ligand binding domain (hERalphaLBD) is described and compared with the recently reported structure of the progesterone complex of the human progesterone receptor ligand binding domain, as well as with similar structures of steroid/nuclear receptor LBDs solved elsewhere....

MMDB ID: 47957

PDB ID: 1AQU

Reference: Kakuta Y, Pedersen LG, Carter CW, Negishi M, Pedersen LCCrystal structure of estrogen sulphotransferaseNat. Struct. Biol. v4, p.904-908 The structure of estrogen sulphotransferase has been solved in the presence of inactive cofactor PAP and substrate 17 beta-estradiol. This structure reveals structural similarities between cytosolic sulphotransferases and nucleotide kinases.

MMDB ID: 49701

PDB ID: 1IOL

Reference: Azzi A, Rehse PH, Zhu DW, Campbell RL, Labrie F, Lin SXCrystal structure of human estrogenic 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase complexed with 17 beta-estradiolNat. Struct. Biol. v3, p.665-668

MMDB ID: 55024

PDB ID: 1A27

Reference: Mazza C, Breton R, Housset D, Fontecilla-Camps JCUnusual charge stabilization of NADP+ in 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenaseJ. Biol. Chem. v273, p.8145-8152 Type 1 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD1), a member of the short chain dehydrogenase reductase (SDR) family, is responsible for the synthesis of 17beta-estradiol, the biologically active estrogen involved in the genesis and development of human breast cancers. Here, we report the crystal structures of the H221L 17beta-HSD1 mutant complexed to NADP+ and estradiol and the H221L mutant/NAD+ and a H221Q mutant/estradiol complexes....

MMDB ID: 56114

PDB ID: 1FDS

Reference: Breton R, Housset D, Mazza C, Fontecilla-Camps JCThe structure of a complex of human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with estradiol and NADP+ identifies two principal targets for the design of inhibitorsStructure v4, p.905-915 BACKGROUND: The steroid hormone 17beta-estradiol is important in the genesis and development of human breast cancer. Its intracellular concentration is regulated by 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the reversible reduction of estrone to 17beta-estradiol. This enzyme is thus an important target for inhibitor design....

MMDB ID: 56115

PDB ID: 1FDT

Reference: Breton R, Housset D, Mazza C, Fontecilla-Camps JCThe structure of a complex of human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with estradiol and NADP+ identifies two principal targets for the design of inhibitorsStructure v4, p.905-915 BACKGROUND: The steroid hormone 17beta-estradiol is important in the genesis and development of human breast cancer. Its intracellular concentration is regulated by 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the reversible reduction of estrone to 17beta-estradiol. This enzyme is thus an important target for inhibitor design....

MMDB ID: 56116

PDB ID: 1FDW

Reference: Mazza C, Breton R, Housset D, Fontecilla-Camps JCUnusual charge stabilization of NADP+ in 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenaseJ. Biol. Chem. v273, p.8145-8152 Type 1 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD1), a member of the short chain dehydrogenase reductase (SDR) family, is responsible for the synthesis of 17beta-estradiol, the biologically active estrogen involved in the genesis and development of human breast cancers. Here, we report the crystal structures of the H221L 17beta-HSD1 mutant complexed to NADP+ and estradiol and the H221L mutant/NAD+ and a H221Q mutant/estradiol complexes....

MMDB ID: 60515

PDB ID: 2OCF

Description Human Estrogen Receptor Alpha Ligand-Binding Domain In Complex With Estradiol And The E2#23 Fn3 Monobody. Deposition: Rajan SS, Kuruvilla SM, Sharma SK, Kim Y, Huang J, Koide A, Koide S, Joachimiak A, Greene GL, 2006/12/20

MMDB ID: 8897

PDB ID: 1ERE

Reference: Brzozowski AM, Pike AC, Dauter Z, Hubbard RE, Bonn T, Engstrom O, Ohman L, Greene GL, Gustafsson JA, Carlquist MMolecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptorNature v389, p.753-758 Oestrogens are involved in the growth, development and homeostasis of a number of tissues. The physiological effects of these steroids are mediated by a ligand-inducible nuclear transcription factor, the oestrogen receptor (ER). Hormone binding to the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the ER initiates a series of molecular events culminating in the activation or repression of target genes....

Physical Property Value Units Temp (deg C) Source Melting Point 178.5 deg C EXP log P (octanol-water) 4.01 (none) EXP Water Solubility 3.6 mg/L 27 EXP Vapor Pressure 1.26E-08 mm Hg 25 EST Henry's Law Constant 3.64E-11 atm-m3/mole 25 EST Atmospheric OH Rate Constant 1.23E-10 cm3/molecule-sec 25 EST

Organism Test Type Route Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) Effect Source rat LD subcutaneous > 300mg/kg (300mg/kg) Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. Vol. 26, Pg. 740, 1995.