Follicle-stimulating hormone beta subunit

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==Description==
==Description==
Follitropin subunit beta precursor (Follicle-stimulating hormone betasubunit) (FSH-beta) (FSH-B) (Follitropin beta chain).
Follitropin subunit beta precursor (Follicle-stimulating hormone betasubunit) (FSH-beta) (FSH-B) (Follitropin beta chain).
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100033829
100033829
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[[Categories:Hormones]]
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{{Unreferenced|date=December 2007}}
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{{FixBunching|beg}}
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{{protein
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| Name = [[FSHB|follicle stimulating hormone, beta polypeptide]]
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| caption = Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
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| image = Follitropine.gif
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| width =
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| HGNCid = 3964
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| Symbol = [[FSHB]]
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| AltSymbols =
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| EntrezGene = 2488
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| OMIM = 136530
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| RefSeq = NM_000510
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| UniProt = P01225
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| PDB =
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| ECnumber =
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| Chromosome = 11
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| Arm = p
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| Band = 13
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| LocusSupplementaryData =
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}}
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{{FixBunching|mid}}
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{{protein
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| Name = [[Alpha subunit of glycoprotein hormones|glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide]]
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| caption =
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| image =
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| width =
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| HGNCid = 1885
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| Symbol = [[Alpha subunit of glycoprotein hormones|CGA]]
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| AltSymbols =
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| EntrezGene = 1081
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| OMIM = 118850
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| RefSeq = NM_000735
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| UniProt = P01215
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| PDB =
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| ECnumber =
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| Chromosome = 6
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| Arm = q
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| Band = 14
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| LocusSupplementaryData = -q21
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}}
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{{FixBunching|end}}
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{{For|other uses of the term FSH|FSH (disambiguation)}}
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'''Follicle-stimulating hormone''' ('''FSH''') is a [[hormone]] synthesized and secreted by [[gonadotrope]]s in the [[anterior pituitary gland]]. FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the human body.  FSH and [[Luteinizing hormone]] (LH) act synergistically in [[reproduction]]:
 +
 
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*In females, in the [[ovary]] FSH stimulates the growth of immature [[Graafian follicle]]s to maturation. Graafian follicles are the mature follicle. Primary follicles mature to Graafian follicles.  As the follicle grows, it releases [[inhibin]], which shuts off the FSH production.
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*In males, FSH enhances the production of [[androgen-binding protein]] by the [[Sertoli cell]]s of the [[testes]], and is critical for [[spermatogenesis]].
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==Structure==
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FSH  is a [[glycoprotein]].  Each monomeric unit is a protein molecule with a sugar attached to it; two of these make the full, functional protein.  Its structure is similar to those of [[Luteinizing hormone|LH]], [[Thyroid-stimulating hormone|TSH]], and [[Human chorionic gonadotropin|hCG]]. The protein dimer contains 2 [[polypeptide]] units, labeled alpha and beta subunits. The [[Alpha subunit of glycoprotein hormones|alpha subunits]] of LH, FSH, TSH, and hCG are identical, and contain 92 [[amino acids]]. The beta subunits vary. FSH has a beta subunit of 118 amino acids (FSHB), which confers its specific biologic action and is responsible for interaction with the [[FSH-receptor]]. The sugar part of the hormone is composed of [[fucose]], [[galactose]], [[mannose]], [[galactosamine]], [[glucosamine]], and [[sialic acid]], the latter being critical  for its biologic [[half-life]]. The half-life of FSH is 3-4 hours.
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Its molecular wt is 30000.
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 +
==Genes==
 +
The gene for the [[Alpha subunit of glycoprotein hormones|alpha subunit]] is located on chromosome 6p21.1-23. It is expressed in different cell types. The gene for the FSH beta subunit is located on chromosome  11p13, and is expressed in gonadotropes of the pituitary cells, controlled by [[GnRH]], inhibited by [[inhibin]], and enhanced by [[activin]].
 +
 
 +
==Activity==
 +
FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the human body.
 +
 
 +
* In both ''males'' and ''females'', FSH stimulates the maturation of [[germ cells]].
 +
 
 +
* In ''males'', FSH induces [[sertoli cells]] to secrete [[inhibin]] and stimulates the formation of sertoli-sertoli tight junctions ([[zonula occludens]]).
 +
 
 +
* In ''females'', FSH initiates follicular growth, specifically affecting granulosa cells. With the concomitant rise in inhibin B, FSH levels then decline in the late follicular phase. This seems to be critical in selecting only the most advanced follicle to proceed to ovulation. At the end of the luteal phase, there is a slight rise in FSH that seems to be of importance to start the next ovulatory cycle.
 +
 
 +
Like its partner, [[Luteinizing hormone|LH]], FSH release at the pituitary gland is controlled by pulses of [[gonadotropin-releasing hormone]] (GnRH). Those pulses, in turn, are subject to the oestrogen feed-back from the gonads.
 +
 
 +
==Disease states==
 +
FSH levels are normally low during [[childhood]] and, in females, high after [[menopause]].
 +
 
 +
===High FSH levels===
 +
High levels of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone are indicative of situations where the normal restricting feedback from the gonad is absent, leading to an unrestricted pituitary FSH production. Whereas this is normal in females leading up to and during postmenopause, it is abnormal during the reproductive years.
 +
 
 +
If the FSH level is high during the reproductive years, this may be a sign of:
 +
# [[Premature menopause]] also known as Premature Ovarian Failure
 +
# [[Gonadal dysgenesis]], [[Turner syndrome]]
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# [[Castration]]
 +
# [[Swyer syndrome]]
 +
# Certain forms of [[CAH]]
 +
# Testicular failure.
 +
 
 +
===Low FSH levels ===
 +
Diminished secretion of FSH can result in failure of gonadal function (hypogonadism). This condition is typically manifested in males as failure in production of normal numbers of sperm. In females, cessation of reproductive cycles is commonly observed.
 +
Conditions with very low FSH secretions are:
 +
# [[Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome]]
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# [[Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome]] + Obesity + Hirsutism + Infertility
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# [[Kallmann syndrome]] 
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# [[Hypothalamic suppression]]
 +
# [[Hypopituitarism]]
 +
# [[Hyperprolactinemia]]
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# [[Gonadotropin deficiency]]
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# Gonadal suppression therapy
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##[[GnRH antagonist]]
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##[[GnRH agonist]] ([[downregulation]]).
 +
 
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==Availability==
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FSH is available mixed with LH in the form of [[Pergonal]] or Menopur, and other more purified forms of urinary [[gonadotropins]], as well as in a pure forms as recombinant FSH (Gonal F, Follistim). It is used commonly in infertility therapy to stimulate follicular development, notably in [[IVF]] therapy, as well as with interuterine insemination (IUI).
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==External links==
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*[http://infertilityblog.blogspot.com/2006/03/first-of-few-about-fsh-levels.html Day 3 FSH levels] From the Infertility Blog by Dr. Fred Licciardi
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*[http://infertilityblog.blogspot.com/2006/03/high-fsh-excuse-to-send-patients-away.html High FSH: an excuse to send patients away] From the Infertility Blog by Dr. Fred Licciardi
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* [http://infertilityblog.blogspot.com/2006/03/fsh-and-estradiolestrogen.html FSH and Estradiol]
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* [http://www.thefertilesoul.com/Treatment/Imbalances/fsh.php Causes & Symptoms of High FSH]
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* [http://www.highfshinfo.com Information on high FSH compiled by a woman with high FSH]
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* [http://maybebaby.ctwfeatures.com Debating the imbalance as a cause of one couple's infertility]
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{{Hormones}}
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[[Category:Hormones]]
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[[Category:Recombinant proteins]]
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[[Category:Glycoproteins]]
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[[Category:Peptide hormones]]
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[[Category:Sex hormones]]
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[[Category:In vitro fertilisation]]
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[[Category:Gonadotropic hormones]]

Revision as of 06:39, 17 February 2009

Contents

Description

Follitropin subunit beta precursor (Follicle-stimulating hormone betasubunit) (FSH-beta) (FSH-B) (Follitropin beta chain).

Source Organism

Equus caballus (Horse).

Taxomomy

Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;Mammalia; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Perissodactyla; Equidae; Equus.

Subcellular Localization

Secreted.

Developmental Stage

Similarity

Belongs to the glycoprotein hormones subunit beta family.

Post translational Modification

Function

Stimulates development of follicle and spermatogenesis in the reproductive organs

GeneID

100033829


This article does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007)
Template:FixBunching

Template:Protein Template:FixBunching Template:Protein Template:FixBunching Template:For Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the human body. FSH and Luteinizing hormone (LH) act synergistically in reproduction:

Structure

FSH is a glycoprotein. Each monomeric unit is a protein molecule with a sugar attached to it; two of these make the full, functional protein. Its structure is similar to those of LH, TSH, and hCG. The protein dimer contains 2 polypeptide units, labeled alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunits of LH, FSH, TSH, and hCG are identical, and contain 92 amino acids. The beta subunits vary. FSH has a beta subunit of 118 amino acids (FSHB), which confers its specific biologic action and is responsible for interaction with the FSH-receptor. The sugar part of the hormone is composed of fucose, galactose, mannose, galactosamine, glucosamine, and sialic acid, the latter being critical for its biologic half-life. The half-life of FSH is 3-4 hours. Its molecular wt is 30000.

Genes

The gene for the alpha subunit is located on chromosome 6p21.1-23. It is expressed in different cell types. The gene for the FSH beta subunit is located on chromosome 11p13, and is expressed in gonadotropes of the pituitary cells, controlled by GnRH, inhibited by inhibin, and enhanced by activin.

Activity

FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the human body.

  • In both males and females, FSH stimulates the maturation of germ cells.
  • In females, FSH initiates follicular growth, specifically affecting granulosa cells. With the concomitant rise in inhibin B, FSH levels then decline in the late follicular phase. This seems to be critical in selecting only the most advanced follicle to proceed to ovulation. At the end of the luteal phase, there is a slight rise in FSH that seems to be of importance to start the next ovulatory cycle.

Like its partner, LH, FSH release at the pituitary gland is controlled by pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Those pulses, in turn, are subject to the oestrogen feed-back from the gonads.

Disease states

FSH levels are normally low during childhood and, in females, high after menopause.

High FSH levels

High levels of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone are indicative of situations where the normal restricting feedback from the gonad is absent, leading to an unrestricted pituitary FSH production. Whereas this is normal in females leading up to and during postmenopause, it is abnormal during the reproductive years.

If the FSH level is high during the reproductive years, this may be a sign of:

  1. Premature menopause also known as Premature Ovarian Failure
  2. Gonadal dysgenesis, Turner syndrome
  3. Castration
  4. Swyer syndrome
  5. Certain forms of CAH
  6. Testicular failure.

Low FSH levels

Diminished secretion of FSH can result in failure of gonadal function (hypogonadism). This condition is typically manifested in males as failure in production of normal numbers of sperm. In females, cessation of reproductive cycles is commonly observed. Conditions with very low FSH secretions are:

  1. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
  2. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome + Obesity + Hirsutism + Infertility
  3. Kallmann syndrome
  4. Hypothalamic suppression
  5. Hypopituitarism
  6. Hyperprolactinemia
  7. Gonadotropin deficiency
  8. Gonadal suppression therapy
    1. GnRH antagonist
    2. GnRH agonist (downregulation).

Availability

FSH is available mixed with LH in the form of Pergonal or Menopur, and other more purified forms of urinary gonadotropins, as well as in a pure forms as recombinant FSH (Gonal F, Follistim). It is used commonly in infertility therapy to stimulate follicular development, notably in IVF therapy, as well as with interuterine insemination (IUI).

External links

Template:Hormones

Retrieved from "http://277988.efsst.group/drugpedia/index.php/Follicle-stimulating_hormone_beta_subunit"