Secretin

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==Description==
==Description==
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Secretin.
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'''Secretin''' is a [[peptide hormone]] produced in the [[S cell]]s of the [[duodenum]] in the [[crypts of Lieberkühn]].<ref name="pmid7000396">{{cite journal | author = Häcki WH | title = Secretin | journal = Clin Gastroenterol | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 609–32 | year = 1980 | month = September | pmid = 7000396 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref> Its primary effect is to regulate the [[pH]] of the duodenal contents via the control of [[gastric acid]] secretion and buffering with [[bicarbonate]]. It was the first hormone to be identified (see Discovery).  In humans, the secretin peptide is encoded by the ''SCT'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid2315322">{{cite journal | author = Kopin AS, Wheeler MB, Leiter AB | title = Secretin: structure of the precursor and tissue distribution of the mRNA | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 87 | issue = 6 | pages = 2299–303 | year = 1990 | month = March | pmid = 2315322 | pmc = 53674 | doi = | url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2315322 | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid11060443">{{cite journal | author = Whitmore TE, Holloway JL, Lofton-Day CE, Maurer MF, Chen L, Quinton TJ, Vincent JB, Scherer SW, Lok S | title = Human secretin (SCT): gene structure, chromosome location, and distribution of mRNA | journal = Cytogenet. Cell Genet. | volume = 90 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 47–52 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11060443 | doi = | url = http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=ccg90047 | issn = }}</ref>
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==Discovery==
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In 1902, [[William Bayliss]] and [[Ernest Starling]] were studying how the nervous system controls the process of digestion.<ref name="Bayliss_1902">{{cite journal | author = Bayliss W, Starling EH | title = The mechanism of pancreatic secretion | journal = J. Physiol. (London) | volume = 28 | issue =  | pages = 325–353 | year = 1902 | month = | pmid = | pmc = | doi = | url =  | issn = }}</ref> It was known that the pancreas secreted digestive juices in response to the passage of food into the duodenum. They discovered (by cutting all the nerves to the pancreas in their experimental animals) that this process was not, in fact, governed by the nervous system. They determined that a substance secreted by the intestinal lining stimulates the pancreas after being transported via the bloodstream. They named this intestinal secretion ''secretin''. Secretin was the first such "chemical messenger" identified. This type of substance is now called a ''[[hormone]]'', a term coined by Bayliss in 1905.
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==Structure==
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Secretin is a linear [[peptide hormone]], which is composed of 27 [[amino acids]] and has a [[molecular weight]] of 3055. A helix is formed in the amino acids between positions 5 and 13. The amino acids sequences of secretin have some similarities to that of [[glucagon]], [[vasoactive intestinal peptide]] (VIP), and [[gastric inhibitory peptide]] (GIP). Fourteen of 27 amino acids of secretin reside in the same positions as in glucagon, 7 the same as in VIP, and 10 the same as in GIP.<ref name="isbn0-7216-9398-9">{{cite book | author = Williams, Robert L. | authorlink = | editor = | others = | title = Textbook of Endocrinology | edition = | language = | publisher = Saunders | location = Philadelphia | year = 1981 | origyear = | pages =  697 | quote = | isbn = 0-7216-9398-9 | oclc = | doi = | url = | accessdate = }}</ref>
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Secretin also has an amidated carboxyl-terminal amino acid which is valine.<ref name="isbn0-7216-2888-5">{{cite book | author = DeGroot, Leslie Jacob | authorlink = | editor =  J. E. McGuigan | others = | title = Endocrinology | edition = | language = | publisher = Saunders | location = Philadelphia | year = 1989 | origyear = | pages =  2748 | quote = | isbn = 0-7216-2888-5 | oclc = | doi = | url = | accessdate = }}</ref> The sequence of amino acids in secretin is: [[His]]-[[Ser]]-[[Aspartic acid|Asp]]-[[Gly]]-[[Thr]]-[[Phe]]-[[Thr]]-[[Ser]]-[[Glu]]-[[Leu]]-[[Ser]]-[[Arg]]-[[Leu]]-[[Arg]]-[[Aspartic acid|Asp]]-[[Ser]]-[[Ala]]-[[Arg]]-[[Leu]]-[[Gln]]-[[Arg]]-[[Leu]]-[[Leu]]-[[Gln]]-[[Gly]]-[[Leu]]-[[Val]](NH<sub>2</sub>).<ref name="isbn0-7216-2888-5"/>
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==Physiology==
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===Production===
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Secretin is synthesized in cytoplasmic secretory granules of S-cells which are found mainly in [[mucosa]] of [[duodenum]], and smaller numbers in jejunum of [[small intestine]].<ref name="pmid4945081">{{cite journal | author = Polak JM, Coulling I, Bloom S, Pearse AG | title = Immunofluorescent localization of secretin and enteroglucagon in human intestinal mucosa | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | pages = 739–44 | year = 1971 | pmid = 4945081 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref>
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===Stimulus===
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Secretin is released into circulation and/or intestinal lumen in response to low duodenal pH that ranges between 4 and 4.5 depending on species.<ref name="isbn0-07-022001-8">{{cite book | author = Frohman, Lawrence A.; Felig, Philip | authorlink = | editor = P. K. Ghosh and T. M. O’Dorisio | others = | title = Endocrinology & metabolism | edition = | language = | publisher = McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Div | location = New York | year = 2001 | origyear = | chapter =  Gastrointestinal Hormones and Carcinoid Syndrome | pages = 1326 | quote = | isbn = 0-07-022001-8 | oclc = | doi = | url = | accessdate = }}</ref>
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It is the active form of [[prosecretin]].This acidity is due to [[chyme]], which contains [[hydrochloric acid]], entering from the stomach via the [[pyloric sphincter]].Secretin targets the [[pancreas]], which cause the organ to secrete a bicarbonate-rich fluid that flows into the [[intestine]]. [[Bicarbonate]] ion is a base which neutralizes the acid, thus establishing a pH favorable to the action of other digestive enzymes to the small intestine and preventing acid burns<ref>http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/gi/secretin.html</ref> Other factors are also involved in the release of secretin such as bile salts and fatty acids  which result in additional bicarbonate being added to the small intestine.<ref name="pmid631638">{{cite journal | author = Osnes M, Hanssen LE, Flaten O, Myren J | title = Exocrine pancreatic secretion and immunoreactive secretin (IRS) release after intraduodenal instillation of bile in man | journal = Gut | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 180–4 | year = 1978 | month = March | pmid = 631638 | pmc = 1411891 | doi = | url = http://gut.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=631638 | issn = }}</ref> Secretin release is inhibited by H2 receptor [[antagonists]] which reduce gastric acid secretion. As a result, the pH in the duodenum increases above 4.5, and secretin cannot be released.<ref name="pmid7249893">{{cite journal | author = Rominger JM, Chey WY, Chang TM | title = Plasma secretin concentrations and gastric pH in healthy subjects and patients with digestive diseases | journal = Digestive diseases and sciences | volume = 26 | issue = 7 | pages = 591–7 | year = 1981 | month = July | pmid = 7249893 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref>
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===Function===
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Secretin stimulates the secretion of bile from the [[liver]]. It also increases watery bicarbonate solution from pancreatic duct epithelium. Pancreatic acinar cells have secretin receptors in their plasma membrane. As secretin binds to these receptors, it stimulates adenylate cyclase activity and converts [[ATP]] to [[cyclic AMP]].<ref name="isbn">{{cite book | author = Gardner JD | authorlink = | editor = Sleisenger MH, Fordtran JS | others = | title = Gastrointestinal Disease | edition = 2nd edition | language = | publisher = WB Saunders Company | location = Philadelphia | year = 1978 | origyear = | chapter =  Receptors and gastrointestinal hormones | pages =  | quote = | isbn =  | oclc = | doi = | url = | accessdate = }}</ref> Cyclic AMP acts as second messenger in intracellular signal transduction and leads to increase in release of watery carbonate.It is known to promote the normal growth and maintenance of the [[pancreas]].
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Secretin increases water and bicarbonate secretion from duodenal [[Brunner's gland]]s in order to buffer the incoming [[protons]] of the acidic chyme.<ref name="isbn0-7216-0240-1">{{cite book | author = Hall, John E.; Guyton, Arthur C. | authorlink = | editor = | others = | title = Textbook of medical physiology | edition = | language = | publisher = Elsevier Saunders | location = St. Louis, Mo | year = 2006 | origyear = | pages = 800–801 | quote = | isbn = 0-7216-0240-1 | oclc = | doi = | url = | accessdate = }}</ref> It also enhances the effects of [[cholecystokinin]] to induce the secretion of digestive enzymes and bile from [[pancreas]] and [[gallbladder]], respectively.
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It counteracts [[blood glucose]] concentration spikes by triggering increased [[insulin]] release from pancreas, following oral [[glucose]] intake.<<ref name="pmid5415678">{{cite journal | author = Kraegen EW, Chisholm DJ, Young JD, Lazarus L | title = The gastrointestinal stimulus to insulin release. II. A dual action of secretin | journal = J. Clin. Invest. | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 524–9 | year = 1970 | month = March | pmid = 5415678 | pmc = 322500 | doi = 10.1172/JCI106262 | url = | issn = }}</ref>
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It also reduces acid secretion from the [[stomach]] by inhibiting [[gastrin]] release from [[G cell]]s.{{Fact|date=November 2008}} This helps neutralize the pH of the digestive products entering the duodenum from the stomach, as digestive [[enzyme]]s from the pancreas (eg, [[pancreatic amylase]] and [[pancreatic lipase]]) function optimally at neutral pH.{{Fact|date=November 2008}}
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In addition, secretin simulates [[pepsin]] secretion which can help break down proteins in food digestion. It also stimulates release of [[glucagon]], [[pancreatic polypeptide]] and [[somatostatin]].<ref name="isbn0-07-022001-8"/>
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==Uses==
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Secretin has been widely used in medical field especially in pancreatic functioning test. Secretin is either injected<ref name="urlHuman Secretin">{{cite web | url = http://www.fda.gov/cder/consumerinfo/druginfo/Human_Secretin.HTM | title = Human Secretin | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = 2004-07-13 | format = | work = Patient Information Sheets | publisher = United States Food and Drug Administration | pages = | language = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = | accessdate = 2008-11-01}}</ref> or given through the tube that is inserted through nose, stomach then duodenum.<ref name="urlMedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Secretin stimulation test">{{cite web | url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003892.htm#Definition | title = Secretin stimulation test | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | format = | work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia | publisher = United States National Library of Medicine | pages = | language = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = | accessdate = 2008-11-01}}</ref> This test can provide information whether there are any abnormalities in pancreas which can be [[gastrinoma]], [[pancreatitis]] or [[pancreatic cancer]].
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Extensive research has been conducted on the use of secretin to treat Autism. A "gut-brain" theory of autism proposes a link between the gastrointestinal disorders observed in many children with autism and their brain dysfunctions.<ref name="urlThe Use of Secretin to Treat Autism">{{cite web | url = http://www.nichd.nih.gov/news/releases/secretin.cfm | title = The Use of Secretin to Treat Autism | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = 1998-10-16 | format = | work = NIH News Alert | publisher = United States National Institutes of Health | pages = | language = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = | accessdate = 2008-11-30 }}</ref>
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==Source Organism==
==Source Organism==
Bos taurus (Bovine).
Bos taurus (Bovine).
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==GeneID==
==GeneID==
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==References==
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{{Refimprove|date=December 2007}}
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{{Reflist|2}}
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==See also==
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* [[Secretin receptor]]
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==External links==
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* [http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/gi/secretin.html Overview at colostate.edu]
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* {{MeshName|Secretin}}
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* {{GeorgiaPhysiology|6/6ch2/s6ch2_17}}
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[[Categories:Hormones]]
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[[Category:Peptide hormones]]
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[[Category:Intestinal hormones]]
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[[Category:Digestive system]]
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[[Category:Hormones]]

Current revision

Contents

[edit] Description

Secretin is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberkühn.<ref name="pmid7000396">Häcki WH (September 1980). "Secretin". Clin Gastroenterol 9 (3): 609–32. PMID 7000396. </ref> Its primary effect is to regulate the pH of the duodenal contents via the control of gastric acid secretion and buffering with bicarbonate. It was the first hormone to be identified (see Discovery). In humans, the secretin peptide is encoded by the SCT gene.<ref name="pmid2315322">Kopin AS, Wheeler MB, Leiter AB (March 1990). "Secretin: structure of the precursor and tissue distribution of the mRNA". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 (6): 2299–303. PMID 2315322. PMC:53674. </ref><ref name="pmid11060443">Whitmore TE, Holloway JL, Lofton-Day CE, Maurer MF, Chen L, Quinton TJ, Vincent JB, Scherer SW, Lok S (2000). "Human secretin (SCT): gene structure, chromosome location, and distribution of mRNA". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 90 (1-2): 47–52. PMID 11060443. </ref>

[edit] Discovery

In 1902, William Bayliss and Ernest Starling were studying how the nervous system controls the process of digestion.<ref name="Bayliss_1902">Bayliss W, Starling EH (1902). "The mechanism of pancreatic secretion". J. Physiol. (London) 28: 325–353. </ref> It was known that the pancreas secreted digestive juices in response to the passage of food into the duodenum. They discovered (by cutting all the nerves to the pancreas in their experimental animals) that this process was not, in fact, governed by the nervous system. They determined that a substance secreted by the intestinal lining stimulates the pancreas after being transported via the bloodstream. They named this intestinal secretion secretin. Secretin was the first such "chemical messenger" identified. This type of substance is now called a hormone, a term coined by Bayliss in 1905.

[edit] Structure

Secretin is a linear peptide hormone, which is composed of 27 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 3055. A helix is formed in the amino acids between positions 5 and 13. The amino acids sequences of secretin have some similarities to that of glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). Fourteen of 27 amino acids of secretin reside in the same positions as in glucagon, 7 the same as in VIP, and 10 the same as in GIP.<ref name="isbn0-7216-9398-9">Template:Cite book</ref>

Secretin also has an amidated carboxyl-terminal amino acid which is valine.<ref name="isbn0-7216-2888-5">Template:Cite book</ref> The sequence of amino acids in secretin is: His-Ser-Asp-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Glu-Leu-Ser-Arg-Leu-Arg-Asp-Ser-Ala-Arg-Leu-Gln-Arg-Leu-Leu-Gln-Gly-Leu-Val(NH2).<ref name="isbn0-7216-2888-5"/>

[edit] Physiology

[edit] Production

Secretin is synthesized in cytoplasmic secretory granules of S-cells which are found mainly in mucosa of duodenum, and smaller numbers in jejunum of small intestine.<ref name="pmid4945081">Polak JM, Coulling I, Bloom S, Pearse AG (1971). "Immunofluorescent localization of secretin and enteroglucagon in human intestinal mucosa". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 6 (8): 739–44. PMID 4945081. </ref>

[edit] Stimulus

Secretin is released into circulation and/or intestinal lumen in response to low duodenal pH that ranges between 4 and 4.5 depending on species.<ref name="isbn0-07-022001-8">Template:Cite book</ref>

It is the active form of prosecretin.This acidity is due to chyme, which contains hydrochloric acid, entering from the stomach via the pyloric sphincter.Secretin targets the pancreas, which cause the organ to secrete a bicarbonate-rich fluid that flows into the intestine. Bicarbonate ion is a base which neutralizes the acid, thus establishing a pH favorable to the action of other digestive enzymes to the small intestine and preventing acid burns<ref>http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/gi/secretin.html</ref> Other factors are also involved in the release of secretin such as bile salts and fatty acids which result in additional bicarbonate being added to the small intestine.<ref name="pmid631638">Osnes M, Hanssen LE, Flaten O, Myren J (March 1978). "Exocrine pancreatic secretion and immunoreactive secretin (IRS) release after intraduodenal instillation of bile in man". Gut 19 (3): 180–4. PMID 631638. PMC:1411891. </ref> Secretin release is inhibited by H2 receptor antagonists which reduce gastric acid secretion. As a result, the pH in the duodenum increases above 4.5, and secretin cannot be released.<ref name="pmid7249893">Rominger JM, Chey WY, Chang TM (July 1981). "Plasma secretin concentrations and gastric pH in healthy subjects and patients with digestive diseases". Digestive diseases and sciences 26 (7): 591–7. PMID 7249893. </ref>

[edit] Function

Secretin stimulates the secretion of bile from the liver. It also increases watery bicarbonate solution from pancreatic duct epithelium. Pancreatic acinar cells have secretin receptors in their plasma membrane. As secretin binds to these receptors, it stimulates adenylate cyclase activity and converts ATP to cyclic AMP.<ref name="isbn">Template:Cite book</ref> Cyclic AMP acts as second messenger in intracellular signal transduction and leads to increase in release of watery carbonate.It is known to promote the normal growth and maintenance of the pancreas.

Secretin increases water and bicarbonate secretion from duodenal Brunner's glands in order to buffer the incoming protons of the acidic chyme.<ref name="isbn0-7216-0240-1">Template:Cite book</ref> It also enhances the effects of cholecystokinin to induce the secretion of digestive enzymes and bile from pancreas and gallbladder, respectively.

It counteracts blood glucose concentration spikes by triggering increased insulin release from pancreas, following oral glucose intake.<<ref name="pmid5415678">Kraegen EW, Chisholm DJ, Young JD, Lazarus L (March 1970). "The gastrointestinal stimulus to insulin release. II. A dual action of secretin". J. Clin. Invest. 49 (3): 524–9. doi:10.1172/JCI106262. PMID 5415678. </ref>

It also reduces acid secretion from the stomach by inhibiting gastrin release from G cells.Template:Fact This helps neutralize the pH of the digestive products entering the duodenum from the stomach, as digestive enzymes from the pancreas (eg, pancreatic amylase and pancreatic lipase) function optimally at neutral pH.Template:Fact

In addition, secretin simulates pepsin secretion which can help break down proteins in food digestion. It also stimulates release of glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin.<ref name="isbn0-07-022001-8"/>

[edit] Uses

Secretin has been widely used in medical field especially in pancreatic functioning test. Secretin is either injected<ref name="urlHuman Secretin">Template:Cite web</ref> or given through the tube that is inserted through nose, stomach then duodenum.<ref name="urlMedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Secretin stimulation test">Template:Cite web</ref> This test can provide information whether there are any abnormalities in pancreas which can be gastrinoma, pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer.

Extensive research has been conducted on the use of secretin to treat Autism. A "gut-brain" theory of autism proposes a link between the gastrointestinal disorders observed in many children with autism and their brain dysfunctions.<ref name="urlThe Use of Secretin to Treat Autism">Template:Cite web</ref>

[edit] Source Organism

Bos taurus (Bovine).

[edit] Taxomomy

Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;Mammalia; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria; Cetartiodactyla; Ruminantia;Pecora; Bovidae; Bovinae; Bos.

[edit] Subcellular Localization

Secreted.

[edit] Developmental Stage

[edit] Similarity

Belongs to the glucagon family.

[edit] Post translational Modification

[edit] Function

Stimulates formation of NaHCO(3)-rich pancreatic juice and secretion of NaHCO(3)-rich bile and inhibits HCl production by the stomach

[edit] GeneID

[edit] References

 This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007)
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[edit] See also

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://277988.efsst.group/drugpedia/index.php/Secretin"