Epinephrine

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 +
'''Epinephrine'''
 +
Pubchem(5816)
 +
The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics.
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<table align='right' border=1>
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'''KEGG Pathway'''(C00788,D00095)
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<tr><td>
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*Tyrosine metabolism
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<jmol><jmolApplet>
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*Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction
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<size>200</size>
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-
<script>spin on;color atoms amino;</script>
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-
<uploadedFileContents>NPH332.SDF</uploadedFileContents>
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-
<color>black</color>
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-
</jmolApplet>
+
-
</jmol>
+
-
</td></tr></table>
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-
==Description==
+
-
The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most  species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems,  causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation,  stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is  used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local  anesthetics.
+
-
==General Properties==
+
-
<b>*Molecular Weight</b>
+
'''Target'''
 +
*alpha1a-adrenergic receptor agonist
 +
*alpha1b-adrenergic receptor agonist
 +
*alpha1d-adrenergic receptor agonist
 +
*alpha2a-adrenergic receptor agonist
 +
*alpha2b-adrenergic receptor agonist
 +
*alpha2c-adrenergic receptor agonist
 +
*beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist
 +
*beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist
 +
*beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist
-
183.2
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'''Activity''' Adrenergic [vasoconstrictor]
 +
{| border="1;width:100%; height:200px;style=text-align:center"
 +
|+'''Physiochemical properties of Estriol:'''
 +
|-
 +
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Physical Property
 +
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Value
 +
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Units
 +
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Temp (deg C)
 +
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Source
 +
|-
 +
|Melting Point
 +
|211.5
 +
|deg C  
 +
|
 +
|EXP
 +
|-
 +
|pKa Dissociation Constant
 +
|8.59
 +
|(none)
 +
|25
 +
|EXP
 +
|-
 +
|log P (octanol-water)
 +
|(-1.37E+00)
 +
|(none)
 +
|  
 +
|EXP
 +
|-
 +
|Water Solubility
 +
|180
 +
|mg/L
 +
|20
 +
|EXP
 +
|-
 +
|Vapor Pressure
 +
|7.37E-07
 +
|mm Hg
 +
|25
 +
|EST
 +
|-
 +
|Henry's Law Constant
 +
|7.06E-19
 +
|atm-m3/mole
 +
|25
 +
|EST
 +
|-
 +
|Atmospheric OH Rate Constant
 +
|1.38E-10
 +
|cm3/molecule-sec
 +
|25
 +
|EST
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
{| border="1;width:100%; height:200px;style=text-align:center"
 +
|+'''Toxicity:'''
 +
|-
 +
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Organism
 +
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Test Type 
 +
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Route 
 +
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Reported Dose (Normalized Dose)
 +
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Effect
 +
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Source
 +
|-
 +
|cat
 +
|LDLo
 +
|intravenous
 +
|500ug/kg (0.5mg/kg)
 +
|  
 +
|"Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 22, 1948.
 +
|-
 +
|cat
 +
|LDLo
 +
|subcutaneous
 +
|20mg/kg (20mg/kg)
 +
|  
 +
|"Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 22, 1948.
 +
|-
 +
|dog
 +
|LD50
 +
|intravenous
 +
|100ug/kg (0.1mg/kg)
 +
|  
 +
|Drugs in Japan Vol. 6, Pg. 120, 1982.
 +
|-
 +
|dog
 +
|LD50
 +
|subcutaneous
 +
|5mg/kg (5mg/kg)
 +
|  
 +
|Drugs in Japan Vol. 6, Pg. 120, 1982.
 +
|-
 +
|dog
 +
|LDLo
 +
|parenteral
 +
|5ug/kg (0.005mg/kg)
 +
|CARDIAC: ARRHYTHMIAS (INCLUDING CHANGES IN CONDUCTION)
 +
|Pharmacology: International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. Vol. 1, Pg. 189, 1968.
 +
|-
 +
|guinea pig
 +
|LDLo
 +
|intravenous
 +
|100ug/kg (0.1mg/kg)
 +
|  
 +
|"Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 22, 1948.
 +
|-
 +
|guinea pig
 +
|LDLo
 +
|subcutaneous
 +
|800ug/kg (0.8mg/kg)
 +
|  
 +
|"Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 22, 1948.
 +
|-
 +
|infant
 +
|TDLo
 +
|multiple routes
 +
|625ug/kg/I (0.625mg/kg)
 +
|CARDIAC: PULSE RATE INCREASE WITHOUT FALL IN BP
-
<b>*Molecular Formula</b>
+
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: CYANOSIS
-
C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>1</sub><sub>3</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>
+
KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER
 +
|"CHANGES IN TUBULES (INCLUDING ACUTE RENAL FAILURE, ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS)" Southern Medical Journal. Vol. 78, Pg. 874, 1985.
 +
|-
 +
|man
 +
|LDLo
 +
|subcutaneous
 +
|7ug/kg (0.007mg/kg)
 +
|BRAIN AND COVERINGS: OTHER DEGENERATIVE CHANGES
-
<b>*IUPAC NAME</b>
+
CARDIAC: OTHER CHANGES
 +
|Annals of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 28, Pg. 725, 1996.
 +
|-
 +
|man
 +
|TDLo
 +
|intramuscular
 +
|2ug/kg (0.002mg/kg)
 +
|VASCULAR: REGIONAL OR GENERAL ARTERIOLAR CONSTRICTION
 +
|American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 8, Pg. 46, 1990.
 +
|-
 +
|man
 +
|TDLo
 +
|intravenous
 +
|16ug/kg (0.016mg/kg)
 +
|BEHAVIORAL: "HALLUCINATIONS, DISTORTED PERCEPTIONS"
-
4-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-methylaminoethyl]benzene-1,2-diol
+
CARDIAC: CHANGE IN RATE
-
<b>*Canonical Smiles</b>
+
VASCULAR: BP LOWERING NOT CHARACTERIZED IN AUTONOMIC SECTION
 +
|American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 5, Pg. 64, 1987.
 +
|-
 +
|man
 +
|TDLo
 +
|intravenous
 +
|285ug/kg (0.285mg/kg)
 +
|CARDIAC: EKG CHANGES NOT DIAGNOSTIC OF ABOVE
 +
|American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 7, Pg. 485, 1989.
 +
|-
 +
|man
 +
|TDLo
 +
|intravenous
 +
|3mg/kg (3mg/kg)
 +
|VASCULAR: CONTRACTION (ISOLATED TISSUES)
 +
|American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 8, Pg. 46, 1990.
 +
|-
 +
|man
 +
|TDLo
 +
|oral
 +
|77mg/kg (77mg/kg)
 +
|BEHAVIORAL: "HALLUCINATIONS, DISTORTED PERCEPTIONS"
-
CNCC(C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O
+
BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT
-
<b>*Isomeric Smiles</b>
+
GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING
 +
|Annals of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 19, Pg. 671, 1990.
 +
|-
 +
|man
 +
|TDLo
 +
|subcutaneous
 +
|8571ng/kg/80M (0.008571mg/kg)
 +
|CARDIAC: CARDIOMYOPATHY INCLUDING INFARCTION
 +
|American Heart Journal. Vol. 111, Pg. 1193, 1986.
 +
|-
 +
|man
 +
|TDLo
 +
|subcutaneous
 +
|43ug/kg (0.043mg/kg)
 +
|CARDIAC: PULSE RATE INCREASE WITHOUT FALL IN BP
-
CNC[C@@H](C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O
+
GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING
 +
SKIN AND APPENDAGES (SKIN): SWEATING: OTHER
 +
|Annals of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 19, Pg. 680, 1990.
 +
|-
 +
|mouse
 +
|LD50
 +
|intraperitoneal
 +
|4mg/kg (4mg/kg)  
 +
|Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 90, Pg. 110, 1947.
 +
|-
 +
|mouse
 +
|LD50
 +
|intravenous
 +
|217ug/kg (0.217mg/kg)
 +
|BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY)
-
==PhysioChemical Properties==
+
CARDIAC: PULSE RATE INCREASE WITHOUT FALL IN BP
-
<b>*Melting Point</b>
+
SKIN AND APPENDAGES (SKIN): HAIR: OTHER
 +
|Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. Vol. 38, Pg. 474, 1976.
 +
|-
 +
|mouse
 +
|LD50
 +
|subcutaneous
 +
|1470ug/kg (1.47mg/kg)
 +
|  
 +
|Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 202, Pg. 658, 1943.
 +
|-
 +
|mouse
 +
|LDLo
 +
|oral
 +
|50mg/kg (50mg/kg)
 +
|  
 +
|"Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 22, 1948.
 +
|-
 +
|mouse
 +
|LDLo
 +
|unreported
 +
|10mg/kg (10mg/kg)
 +
|BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD
-
211.5(EXP)
+
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA
-
<b>*LogP</b>
+
BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT
 +
|Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 162, Pg. 46, 1931.
 +
|-
 +
|rabbit
 +
|LD50
 +
|intravenous
 +
|50ug/kg (0.05mg/kg)
 +
|LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION
 +
|Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. Vol. 71, Pg. 554, 1941.
 +
|-
 +
|rabbit
 +
|LD50
 +
|subcutaneous
 +
|4mg/kg (4mg/kg)
 +
|LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION
 +
|Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. Vol. 71, Pg. 554, 1941.
 +
|-
 +
|rabbit
 +
|LDLo
 +
|oral
 +
|30mg/kg (30mg/kg)
 +
|  
 +
|"Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 22, 1948.
 +
|-
 +
|rat
 +
|LD50
 +
|intramuscular
 +
|3500mg/kg (3500mg/kg)
 +
|  
 +
|"Drug Dosages in Laboratory Animals - A Handbook," Rev. ed., Barnes, C.D., and L.G. Eltherington, Berkeley, Univ. of California Press, 1973Vol. -, Pg. 105, 1973.
 +
|-
 +
|rat
 +
|LD50
 +
|intravenous
 +
|150ug/kg (0.15mg/kg)
 +
|  
 +
|Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 41, Pg. 365, 1931.
 +
|-
 +
|rat
 +
|LD50
 +
|skin
 +
|62mg/kg (62mg/kg)
 +
|BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)
-
-1.37E+00(EXP)
+
BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD
-
<b>*Water Solubility</b>
+
BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT
 +
|Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 8(4), Pg. 30, 1964.
 +
|-
 +
|rat
 +
|LD50
 +
|subcutaneous
 +
|5mg/kg (5mg/kg)
 +
|LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION
 +
|Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. Vol. 71, Pg. 554, 1941.
 +
|-
 +
|rat
 +
|LDLo
 +
|intraperitoneal
 +
|10mg/kg (10mg/kg)
 +
|BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD
-
180(EXP)
+
BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE WEAKNESS
-
==External Links==
+
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA
-
*[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=5816]Pubchem
+
|Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 88, Pg. 268, 1946.
-
*[http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?compound+C00788]KEGG Compound
+
|-
-
*[http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?drug+D00095]KEGG Drug
+
|rat
-
*[http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB00068]Human Metabolome DataBase
+
|LDLo
-
*[http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00668]Drugbank
+
|oral
-
 
+
|30mg/kg (30mg/kg)
-
[[Categories:Hormones]]
+
|  
 +
|"Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 22, 1948.
 +
|-
 +
|women
 +
|TDLo
 +
|intravenous
 +
|6ug/kg (0.006mg/kg)
 +
|CARDIAC: ARRHYTHMIAS (INCLUDING CHANGES IN CONDUCTION)
 +
|British Medical Journal. Vol. 286, Pg. 519, 1983.
 +
|-
 +
|}

Revision as of 07:12, 13 February 2009

Epinephrine Pubchem(5816)

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics.

KEGG Pathway(C00788,D00095)

  • Tyrosine metabolism
  • Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction

Target

  • alpha1a-adrenergic receptor agonist
  • alpha1b-adrenergic receptor agonist
  • alpha1d-adrenergic receptor agonist
  • alpha2a-adrenergic receptor agonist
  • alpha2b-adrenergic receptor agonist
  • alpha2c-adrenergic receptor agonist
  • beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist
  • beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist
  • beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist

Activity Adrenergic [vasoconstrictor]

Physiochemical properties of Estriol:
Physical Property Value Units Temp (deg C) Source
Melting Point 211.5 deg C EXP
pKa Dissociation Constant 8.59 (none) 25 EXP
log P (octanol-water) (-1.37E+00) (none) EXP
Water Solubility 180 mg/L 20 EXP
Vapor Pressure 7.37E-07 mm Hg 25 EST
Henry's Law Constant 7.06E-19 atm-m3/mole 25 EST
Atmospheric OH Rate Constant 1.38E-10 cm3/molecule-sec 25 EST
Toxicity:
Organism Test Type Route Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) Effect Source
cat LDLo intravenous 500ug/kg (0.5mg/kg) "Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 22, 1948.
cat LDLo subcutaneous 20mg/kg (20mg/kg) "Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 22, 1948.
dog LD50 intravenous 100ug/kg (0.1mg/kg) Drugs in Japan Vol. 6, Pg. 120, 1982.
dog LD50 subcutaneous 5mg/kg (5mg/kg) Drugs in Japan Vol. 6, Pg. 120, 1982.
dog LDLo parenteral 5ug/kg (0.005mg/kg) CARDIAC: ARRHYTHMIAS (INCLUDING CHANGES IN CONDUCTION) Pharmacology: International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. Vol. 1, Pg. 189, 1968.
guinea pig LDLo intravenous 100ug/kg (0.1mg/kg) "Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 22, 1948.
guinea pig LDLo subcutaneous 800ug/kg (0.8mg/kg) "Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 22, 1948.
infant TDLo multiple routes 625ug/kg/I (0.625mg/kg) CARDIAC: PULSE RATE INCREASE WITHOUT FALL IN BP

LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: CYANOSIS

KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER

"CHANGES IN TUBULES (INCLUDING ACUTE RENAL FAILURE, ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS)" Southern Medical Journal. Vol. 78, Pg. 874, 1985.
man LDLo subcutaneous 7ug/kg (0.007mg/kg) BRAIN AND COVERINGS: OTHER DEGENERATIVE CHANGES

CARDIAC: OTHER CHANGES

Annals of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 28, Pg. 725, 1996.
man TDLo intramuscular 2ug/kg (0.002mg/kg) VASCULAR: REGIONAL OR GENERAL ARTERIOLAR CONSTRICTION American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 8, Pg. 46, 1990.
man TDLo intravenous 16ug/kg (0.016mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: "HALLUCINATIONS, DISTORTED PERCEPTIONS"

CARDIAC: CHANGE IN RATE

VASCULAR: BP LOWERING NOT CHARACTERIZED IN AUTONOMIC SECTION

American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 5, Pg. 64, 1987.
man TDLo intravenous 285ug/kg (0.285mg/kg) CARDIAC: EKG CHANGES NOT DIAGNOSTIC OF ABOVE American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 7, Pg. 485, 1989.
man TDLo intravenous 3mg/kg (3mg/kg) VASCULAR: CONTRACTION (ISOLATED TISSUES) American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 8, Pg. 46, 1990.
man TDLo oral 77mg/kg (77mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: "HALLUCINATIONS, DISTORTED PERCEPTIONS"

BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT

GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING

Annals of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 19, Pg. 671, 1990.
man TDLo subcutaneous 8571ng/kg/80M (0.008571mg/kg) CARDIAC: CARDIOMYOPATHY INCLUDING INFARCTION American Heart Journal. Vol. 111, Pg. 1193, 1986.
man TDLo subcutaneous 43ug/kg (0.043mg/kg) CARDIAC: PULSE RATE INCREASE WITHOUT FALL IN BP

GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING

SKIN AND APPENDAGES (SKIN): SWEATING: OTHER

Annals of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 19, Pg. 680, 1990.
mouse LD50 intraperitoneal 4mg/kg (4mg/kg) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 90, Pg. 110, 1947.
mouse LD50 intravenous 217ug/kg (0.217mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY)

CARDIAC: PULSE RATE INCREASE WITHOUT FALL IN BP

SKIN AND APPENDAGES (SKIN): HAIR: OTHER

Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. Vol. 38, Pg. 474, 1976.
mouse LD50 subcutaneous 1470ug/kg (1.47mg/kg) Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 202, Pg. 658, 1943.
mouse LDLo oral 50mg/kg (50mg/kg) "Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 22, 1948.
mouse LDLo unreported 10mg/kg (10mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD

LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA

BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 162, Pg. 46, 1931.
rabbit LD50 intravenous 50ug/kg (0.05mg/kg) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. Vol. 71, Pg. 554, 1941.
rabbit LD50 subcutaneous 4mg/kg (4mg/kg) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. Vol. 71, Pg. 554, 1941.
rabbit LDLo oral 30mg/kg (30mg/kg) "Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 22, 1948.
rat LD50 intramuscular 3500mg/kg (3500mg/kg) "Drug Dosages in Laboratory Animals - A Handbook," Rev. ed., Barnes, C.D., and L.G. Eltherington, Berkeley, Univ. of California Press, 1973Vol. -, Pg. 105, 1973.
rat LD50 intravenous 150ug/kg (0.15mg/kg) Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 41, Pg. 365, 1931.
rat LD50 skin 62mg/kg (62mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)

BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD

BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT

Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 8(4), Pg. 30, 1964.
rat LD50 subcutaneous 5mg/kg (5mg/kg) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. Vol. 71, Pg. 554, 1941.
rat LDLo intraperitoneal 10mg/kg (10mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD

BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE WEAKNESS

LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA

Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 88, Pg. 268, 1946.
rat LDLo oral 30mg/kg (30mg/kg) "Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 22, 1948.
women TDLo intravenous 6ug/kg (0.006mg/kg) CARDIAC: ARRHYTHMIAS (INCLUDING CHANGES IN CONDUCTION) British Medical Journal. Vol. 286, Pg. 519, 1983.
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