View source

[http://172.141.127.22/raghava/hmrbase/test_extract.php?db=arun&table=nphormonet&id=1033&show=SHOW-3D Show 3-D Structure]

'''Cortisone''' ({{pronEng|ˈkɔrtɨsoʊn}} or {{IPA|/ˈkɔrtɨzoʊn/}} (ˈkôrtəˌsōn or -zōn)) (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone) is a [[steroid]] [[hormone]]. Chemically, it is a [[corticosteroid]] closely related to [[corticosterone]].
A naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver to the active metabolite HYDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p726).

==History==
Cortisone was first discovered by the American chemist [[Edward Calvin Kendall]] while a researcher at the [[Mayo Clinic]]. He was awarded the 1950 [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] along with [[Philip S. Hench]] and [[Tadeus Reichstein]] for the discovery of [[adrenal cortex]] hormones, their structures, and functions. Cortisone was first produced commercially by [[Merck & Co.]].

==Production==
Cortisone is one of several end products of a process called [[steroidogenesis]].  This process starts with the synthesis of [[cholesterol]] which then proceeds through a series of modifications in the [[adrenal gland]] (suprarenal) to become any one of many steroid hormones.  One end product of this pathway is cortisol. For cortisol to be released from the adrenal gland a cascade of signaling occurs. [[Corticotropin releasing hormone]] released from the [[hypothalamus]] stimulates corticotrophs in the [[anterior pituitary]] to release [[ACTH]] which relays the signal to the adrenal cortex. Here, the zona fasiculata and zona reticularis in response to ACTH secrete glucocorticoids, in particular [[cortisol]].  In the peripheral tissues cortisol is converted to cortisone by an [[enzyme]] called [[11-beta-steroid dehydrogenase]].  Cortisol has much greater [[glucocorticoid]] activity than cortisone and thus cortisone can be considered an inactive metabolite of cortisol.  However 11-beta-steroid dehydrogenase can catalyze the reverse reaction as well and thus cortisone is also the inactive precursor molecule of the active hormone cortisol. Cortisone is activated through [[hydrogenation]] of the 11-keto-group and is thus sometimes referred to as [[hydrocortisone]].

==Effects and uses==
Cortisol, a [[glucocorticoid]], and [[adrenaline]] are the main hormones released by the body as a reaction to stress. They elevate blood pressure and prepare the body for a [[fight or flight response]].

Cortisone is sometimes used as a drug to treat a variety of ailments. It can be administered [[intravenous]]ly or [[cutaneous]]ly.

One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system.  This could be the explanation for the apparent correlation between high [[Stress (medicine)|stress]] and sickness. The suppression of the immune system may be important in the treatment of inflammatory conditions such as severe [[IgE]]-mediated [[allergies]].  
    
Cortisone is less powerful than a similar steroid [[cortisol]]. Cortisol is responsible for 95% of the effects of the [[glucocorticosteroids]] while cortisone is about 4 or 5%. [[Corticosterone]] is even less important.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} Cortisol decreases the uptake of glucose by cells and increases glucose release by the liver. This may cause hyperglycemia in a well-fed state but can maintain blood glucose levels in (stressful) fasting states.

==References==
*''Merck Index'', 11th Edition, 2533
*{{cite journal 
| author=  Woodward R. B., Sondheimer F., Taub D.
| title= The Total Synthesis of Cortisone 
| journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society 
| year=1951 
| pages=4057–4057 
| volume=73 
| doi=10.1021/ja01152a551 }} 
*{{cite journal 
| author=  Ingle D. J.
| title= The biologic properties of cortisone: a review
| journal=Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 
| year=1950
| pages=1312–1354 
| volume=10 }}

==See also==
* [[Central serous retinopathy]]
* [[Corticosterol]]

==External links==
*[http://www.chem.yorku.ca/hall_of_fame/essays97/cortisone/cortison.htm Cortisone: The Wonder Drug]
{{Corticosteroids}}

[[Category:Corticosteroids]]


KEGG Pathway(C00762,D07749)
*C21-Steroid hormone metabolism
*Prostate cancer

Activity 	Adrenal cortex hormone, glucocorticoid
{| border="1;width:100%; height:200px;style=text-align:center"
|+'''List of PDB file having CORTISONE as Ligands'''
|-
! style="background:brown; color:white" |MMDB ID
! style="background:brown; color:white" |PDB ID 
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Reference
|-
|66962
|3EB3
|Gulbis JM, Zhou M, Mann S, MacKinnon RStructure of the cytoplasmic beta subunit-T1 assembly of voltage-dependent K+ channelsScience v289, p.123-127
|-
|}
{| border="1;width:100%; height:200px;style=text-align:center"
|+'''Physiochemical Properties'''
|-
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Physical Property
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Value
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Units 
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Temp (deg C)
! style="background:brown; color:white" |Source
|-
|Melting Point 	
|222 	
|deg C 	
|  	
|EXP
|-
|log P (octanol-water) 	
|1.47 	
|(none) 
|	  	
|EXP
|-
|Water Solubility 	
|280 	
|mg/L 	
|25 	
|EXP
|-
|Vapor Pressure 	
|5.80E-13 	
|mm Hg 	
|25 	
|EST
|-
|Henry's Law Constant 	
|6.03E-10 	
|atm-m3/mole 	
|25 	
|EST
|-
|Atmospheric OH Rate Constant 	
|1.10E-10 	
|cm3/molecule-sec 	
|25 	
|EST
|-